Middle Eastern Studies

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v. 1. Empire of the Gazis: the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280-1808 -- v. 2. Reform, revolution, and republic: the rise of modern Turkey, 1808-1975

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Book I: The Kurds in the Age of Tribe & Empire: Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century -- Ottoman Kurdistan, 1800-1850 -- Ottoman Kurdistan, 1850-1914 -- The Qajars & the Kurds -- Revolution, Nationalism & War, 1908-1918 -- Book II: Incorporating the Kurds: Redrawing the Map: the Partition of Ottoman Kurdistan -- The Kurds, Britain & Iraq -- Incorporating Turkey's Kurds -- The Kurds under Reza Shah -- Book III: Ethno-nationalism in Iran: Tribe or Ethnicity? The Mahabad Republic -- Iran: Creating a National Movement -- Subjects of the Shi'i Republic -- Book IV: Ethno-nationalism in Iraq: The Birth of a Nationalist Movement under Hashimite Rule -- The Kurds in Revolutionary Iraq -- The Kurds under the Baath, 1968-1975 -- The Road to Genocide, 1975-1988 -- Uprising & Self-rule -- Book V: Ethno-nationalism in Turkey: The Kurdish National Revival in Turkey, 1946-1979 -- The PKK & the Mass Movement -- The Kurds in Exile: Building the Nation

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Guide to pronunciation of Turkish words and a note on place names -- Genealogy of the Ottoman dynasty -- Chronology of Ottoman history, 1260-1923 -- Why study Ottoman history? -- The Ottoman Empire from its origins until 1683 -- The Ottoman Empire, 1683-1798 -- The nineteenth century -- The Ottomans and their wider world -- Ottoman methods of rule -- The Ottoman economy: population, transportation, trade, agriculture, and manufacturing -- Ottoman society and popular culture

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The Ottoman House through 1687 -- State & society in the Ottoman world -- The Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean & European worlds

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Genealogy of the Ottoman dynasty -- Chronology of Ottoman history, 1260-1914 -- General introduction / Halil Inalcik and Donald Quataert -- The Ottoman State: Economy and Society, 1300-1600 / Halil Inalcik -- Crisis and Change, 1590-1699 / Suraiya Faroqhi -- The Age of the Ayans, 1699-1812 / Bruce McGowan -- The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914 / Donald Quataert -- Appendix: Money in the Ottoman Empire, 1326-1914 / Sevket Pamuk

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"Peirce not only provides an overview of the dynasty's policies regulating the production of children by slave concubines and the choice of spouses for its members, but examines the ways in which women's power was manifested in day-to-day politics. Royal women were custodians of sovereign power, training their sons in its use and exercising it directly as regents when necessary. Furthermore, they played central roles in the public culture of sovereignty - royal ceremonies, large-scale building projects, and patronage of artistic production."

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Empire and imperium -- Currents of change -- Women and the regulated society -- Telling the Ottoman slave story -- Meaning and practice -- Feminizing slavery -- Men are kanun, women are shari'ah

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v. 1. The central lands. v. 2. The Arabic-speaking lands

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Part I: Introduction: Prelude to Reform -- Part II: War with Russia & Austria, 1787-1792 -- Part III: The "New Order" of Selim III -- Part IV: Disintegration of the Empire: Internal Revolts & Foreign Wars, 1792-1807 -- Part V: The Triumph of Reaction

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The Young Ottomans -- The Islamic Intellectual Heritage of the Young Ottomans -- Turkish Political Elites in the Nineteenth Century -- The Young Ottomans & the Ottoman Past -- Sadik Rifat Pasa: the Introduction of New Ideas at the Governmental Level -- The Immediate Institutional & Intellectual Antecedents of the Young Ottomans -- Sinasi: the Birth of Public Opinion -- Mustafa Fazil Pasa: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Liberalism -- Namik Kemal: the Synthesis -- Ziya Pasa: Philosophical Insecurity -- Ali Suavi: the Zealot -- Hayreddin Pasa: the Attempt to Compromise -- Conclusions

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Introduction: the Sublime Porte & the Scribal Service as Elements of State & Society -- The Evolution of the Ruling Class & the Emergence of the Scribal Service -- The Impact of Imperial Decline on the Emergent Scribal Service: the Sublime Porte & Its Officials on the Eve of Reform -- Reassertion of the Sultanate & Foundation of the Civil Bureaucracy -- The Civil-Bureaucratic Hegemony of the Tanzimat -- Restoring Political Balance: the First Constitutional Period & Return to Sultanate Dominance -- Once More Toward Redefinition of the Political Balance -- One & One-Third Centuries of Civil-Bureaucratic Reform

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Eastern Question -- Ottoman Empire & the Great Powers in the Eighteenth Century -- French Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars, 1792-1815 -- Greek War of Independence, 1821-32 -- Mehmet Ali & the Egyptian Question, 1832-41 -- Crimean War, 1853-56 -- Eastern Crisis, 1875-78 -- Eastern Question, 1878-1914 -- First World War, 1914-18 -- Peace Settlement, 1918-23 -- Great Powers & the Ottoman Empire -- Aftermath

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Introduction -- 2: making of a regional economy: city, hinterland, and state, 1540-1700 -- 3: War and provincial society -- 4: When Osmalis ate the crumbs and left the bread behind: tax farming and provincial society -- 5: Between khassa and 'amma: elites and commoners in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Mosul -- 6: language of politics: views on sultans, corruption, and land taxes -- 7: practice of politics -- 8: Conclusion -- App. 1: endowments of the Jalili households -- App. 2: Peasant income in 1852-5 according to the inheritance records of the Province of Mosul -- App. 3: Tevzi document of taxes imposed on craft guilds -- App. 4: Tevzi document of taxes imposed on the villages of Mosul

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Arab and Arab provinces in the evolution of the Young Turk movement -- The second constitutional experiment, 1908-1909 -- The opposition and the Arabs, 1910-1911 -- The decentralist challenge and a new "Arab policy," 1912-1913 -- A case study in centralization: the Hijaz under Young Turk rule, 1908-1914 -- The war years, 1914-1918 -- Conclusion

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The origins of Arab nationalism / C. Ernest Dawn -- The Young Turks & the Arabs before the revolution of 1908 / M. Şükrü Hanioǧlu -- Ottomanism & Arabism in Syria before 1914 : a reassessment / Rashid Khalidi -- Shukri al-Asali : a case study of a political activist / Samir Seikaly -- Abd al-Hamid al-Zahrawi : the career & thought of an Arab nationalist / Ahmed Tarabein -- Iraq before World War I : a case of anti-European Arab Ottomanism / Mahmoud Haddad -- The education of an Iraqi Ottoman army officer / Reeva S. Simon -- The rise of local nationalism in the Arab East / Muhammad Muslih -- Ironic origins : Arab nationalism in the Hijaz, 1882-1914 / William Ochsenwald -- The hashemites, the Arab revolt, & Arab nationalism / Mary C. Wilson -- The development of nationalist sentiment in Libya, 1908-1922 / Lisa Anderson -- Egypt & early Arab nationalism, 1908-1922 / James Jankowski -- Mothers, morality, & nationalism in early twentieth-century Egypt / Beth Baron

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The land and the people -- Historical background -- Coming of the Ottoman Turks: to 1402 -- Conquest of the Balkans: 1403-1481 -- Ottoman Empire at its height: 1481-1566 -- Ottoman institutions -- Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule -- Decline of the Ottoman empire -- Balkan Peninsula during Ottoman decline -- Defeat by Austria: recession to the Danube: 1566-1699 -- Defeat by Russia: recession to the Dniester: 1699-1792 -- The Balkans, the French revolution, and Napoleon: 1792-1815 --Dynamics of Balkan politics: 1815-1878 --The Serbian revolution and the South Slavs to 1878 -- Greek revolution and independent statehood to 1878 -- Ottoman reform and near Eastern crises: 1831-1852 -- Crimean war: 1853-1856 -- Making of Rumania to 1878 -- Bulgarian awakening to 1878 -- Reform and revolution in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1877 -- Balkan crisis and the treaty of Berlin: 1878 -- Dynamics of Balkan politics: 1878-1914 -- Making of Bulgaria: 1878-1914 -- Serbia and the South Slavs: 1878-1914 -- Greece: 1878-1914 -- Rumania: 1878-1914 -- Albanian awakening to 1914 -- Diplomatic developments: 1878-1914 -- Sarajevo and war: 1914-1918 -- Peace settlement: 1918-1923 -- The dynamics of Balkan politics: 1918-1939 -- Yugoslavia: 1918-1939 -- Bulgaria: 1918-1939 -- Greece: 1918-1939 -- Rumania: 1918-1939 -- Albania: 1918-1939 -- Diplomatic developments: 1918-1941 -- Occupation, resistance, and liberation: 1941-1945 -- Hidden war, Cold war, and peace settlement in 1947

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"Imperial Legacy gathers together distinguished scholars to demonstrate how the Ottoman legacy continues to shape patterns of behavior and perception among the peoples of Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southeastern Europe. The authors also explore how this complex history is reinscribed by nations and ethnic groups in the building of ideologies and identities today."

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Introduction: Turkey, a Military Society? -- The Ottoman Legacy -- From Empire to Nation, 1908-1923 -- The New Turkey: Politics (1923-1945) -- The New Turkey: Society & Economy (1923-1945) -- The Multi-Party Conundrum, 1945-1960 -- Military Intervention, Institutional Restructuring, & Ideological Politics, 1960-1971 -- Military Intervention, Social Democracy, & Political Terror, 1971-1980 -- Military Intervention & Political & Economic Restructuring, 1980-1991 -- Epilogue: Turkey Today & Tomorrow

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Part I: Western Influences & Early Attempts at Modernization -- Part II: The Young Turk Era in Turkish History (1908-50) -- Part III: A Troubled Democracy

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"Situated at the crossroads of the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Middle East, Turkey has long held a position of great strategic importance to the United States and Europe. Yet since the demise of the Soviet Union, significant changes have rocked the country, complicating domestic policy while providing new opportunities in the international arena. A Changing Turkey provides a detailed account of these changes and their impact on the country's foreign policy outlook."

Records of the Department of State Relating to:
- Internal Affairs of Turkey, 1910-1949
- Political Relations Between the United States and Turkey, 1910-1929
- Political Relations Between Turkey and Other States, 1910-1929
Notes from the Turkish Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1867-1906
Despatches from U.S. Consuls in:
- Alexandretta, Turkey, 1896-1906
- Constantinoplee, Turkey, 1820-1906
- Ezerum, Turkey, 1895-1904
- Harput, Turkey, 1895-1906
- Sivas, Turkey, 1886-1906
- Smyrna, Turkey, 1802-1906
- Trebizond, Turkey, 1904-1906

Records of the Department of State Relating to:
- Internal Affairs of Turkey, 1910-1949
- Political Relations Between the United States and Turkey, 1910-1929
- Political Relations Between Turkey and Other States, 1910-1929
Notes from the Turkish Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1867-1906
Despatches from U.S. Consuls in:
- Alexandretta, Turkey, 1896-1906
- Constantinoplee, Turkey, 1820-1906
- Ezerum, Turkey, 1895-1904
- Harput, Turkey, 1895-1906
- Sivas, Turkey, 1886-1906
- Smyrna, Turkey, 1802-1906
- Trebizond, Turkey, 1904-1906

Parts 1-2
Parts 5-19
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v.1-33, 35-36

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v.1-6

"This collection of State Department documents provides access to unique primary source materials on the political, economic and social development of Turkey during a period of democratization in the 1950s.
The official image of Turkish society promoted by the ruling elite since the 1920s is one of relative homogeneity. This image has been enshrined in successive constitutions of the republic in which it is stated that "the Turkish state, with its territory and nation, is an indivisible entity." In reality, however, Turkish society is a mosaic of diverse and at times contending ethnic and linguistic groups.
The result of Atatürk's secularist reforms was the creation of two cultures: a secularized and westernized elite culture and a mass culture based on traditional religious values. Prior to 1950, the elite's attitude toward traditional culture tended to be contemptuous in general and specifically hostile toward religious expression. Since 1950, however, the elite generally has become more tolerant of religion, or at least of orthodox Sunni Islam, and various political parties have attempted to conciliate religious interests, albeit within the framework of Atatürk's institutional secularism."

"The documents in this collection on Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans are sourced from the Central Files of the General Records of the Department of State. The records are under the jurisdiction of the Legislative and Diplomatic Branch of the Civil Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. Contained here is the Greco-Turkish Convention signed at Ankara, 10 June 1930. Most of the archive is in French and Turkish.
The historical background to this archive has deep roots in the nineteenth century. It may be framed in the larger context of the "Near Eastern Question," the long decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the rivalries of the Great Powers in the eastern Mediterranean. The Greco–Turkish War of 1897 that began with clashes across the Greco–Turkish border, which at the time ran between Thessaly and Ottoman-held Macedonia, ended in a victory for Turkey. Also part of this history are the First Balkan War and the Second Balkan War, which preceded the outbreak of the Great War of 1914-1918. The Conference at Lausanne of 1923 was one of many peace settlements following the war.
After more than two months of complex negotiations, Turkey and Greece concluded the first phase of the peace conference at Lausanne by signing, on 30 January 1923, the Convention on the Exchange of Greek and Turkish nationals in their respective countries. The signing of this agreement marked a turning point for both nations. With the Exchange, both countries experienced a major transformation in their populations and found themselves confronting a huge issue --a refugee problem of massive size. Nearly one year after the conclusion of the Lausanne Conference and in accordance with the Exchange Convention, some 700,000 people were reduced to refugee status; the agreement also confirmed the refugee status of an additional one million people displaced since the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. For Greece and Turkey, the decade of 1923-1933 was an era of national reconstruction; and the thousands of homeless refugees were at the center of this reconstruction.
The repercussions of the 1930 Greek-Turkish rapprochement aimed to settle some of the problems that Greece and Turkey had to deal with after the Lausanne Treaty. Against this background the interwar era witnessed the rise of a nationalist state in Turkey, as elsewhere in Eastern Europe."

This archive focuses on Greece in the Cold War era in the aftermath of the Greek Civil War, which took a heavy toll, in the late 1940s.

"The Axis occupation of Greece during World War II began in April 1941 after the German and Italian invasion of Greece was carried out together with Bulgarian forces. The occupation lasted until the German withdrawal from the mainland in October 1944. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 300,000 civilians died in Athens alone from starvation, tens of thousands more through reprisals; minorities, particularly Jews, were deported to concentration camps; and, in the Bulgarian and German occupied areas, ethnic cleansing attempted to eradicate generations of Greek residents. The country's economy was ruined and the food situation desperate. When liberation came in October 1944, Greece was in a state of crisis, which soon led to the outbreak of civil war. The Greek Civil War was fought from 1946 to 1949 between the pro-Western Greek governmental army and the Communist Democratic Army of Greece. It was the result of a highly polarized struggle between leftists and rightists which started in 1943 and targeted the power vacuum that the German-Italian occupation during World War II had created."